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JAN III Sobieski
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Jan Sobieski urodził się w 1629 roku w Olesku, zmarł zaś w Wilanowie w roku 1696. Jego ojciec, Jakub, z czasem wojewoda bełski i ruski; był autorem między innymi diariusza wojny chocimskiej Commentariorum Chotinensis belli libri tres, na którym oparł się Wacław Potocki pisząc Transakcyję wojny chocimskiej. Przyszły król studiował w Akademii Krakowskiej, po czym odbył podróż do Niemiec, Francji, Niderlandów i Anglii, gdzie uzupełniał swoje wykształcenie. Po powrocie do kraju uczestniczył w kampaniach wojennych; pod Beresteczkiem został ciężko ranny. Walczył ze Szwedami (choć początkowo przeszedł na ich stronę), z Moskwą i Kozakami. W następnych latach zbliżył się do dworu Jana Kazimierza i Ludwiki Marii, gdzie poznał Francuzkę Marię Kazimierę d’Arquien - Marysieńkę, z którą w roku 1665 zawarł związek małżeński. Pozostając w kręgu dworskim, wystąpił przeciw rokoszowi Jerzego Lubomirskiego. Był kolejno marszałkiem wielkim koronnym, hetmanem polnym i hetmanem wielkim koronnym (1668). W roku 1673 odniósł pamiętne zwycięstwo nad Turkami w bitwie pod Chocimiem; zmagał się z nimi także w latach 1674-1676. Odniesione wówczas sukcesy militarne utorowały mu drogę do tronu. Koronacja odbyła się w roku 1676. W kilka lat później - w roku 1683 - wsławił się odsieczą wiedeńską, o której pisali między innymi Wespazjan Kochowski, Wojciech Stanisław Chrościński, Andrzej Wincenty Ustrzycki. Był
Sobieski znakomitym mecenasem sztuki, popierał malarstwo i rzemiosło
artystyczne. Spośród budowli królewskich najwspanialsza była
rezydencja w Wilanowie, której program ideowo-artystyczny przypominał
zasługi militarne króla i jego zabiegi wokół zapewnienia
Rzeczypospolitej trwałego pokoju. |
Jan Sobieski was born in 1629 in Olesko, and died in Wilanów in 1696. His father, Jakub, at a later time Palatine of Bełz and Ruthenia, was the author of many works including a diary of the Chocim war, Commentariorum Chotinensis belli libri tres, on which Wacław Potocki based his Transakcyję wojny chocimskiej ("Transaction of the Chocim War"). The future king studied at Kraków Academy, then travelled to Germany, France, Netherlands and England where he completed his education. After returning to Poland, he participated in military expeditions; at Beresteczko he was heavily wounded. He fought against the Swedes (though initially he took their side), against Moscow and the Cossacks. In the subsequent years, he came into contact with the royal court of Jan Kazimierz and Maria Ludwika, where he met a Frenchwoman, Marie Cazimire d’Arquien - Marysieńka, whom he married in 1665. Remaining within the court circle, he acted against the sedition of Jerzy Lubomirski. He held in turn the following posts: Grand Crown Marshal, Field Hetman and Grand Crown Hetman (1668). In 1673 he achieved a famous victory over the Turks in the Battle of Chocim - 1673; he fought against them also between 1674-1676. The military success gained then paved for him the way to the throne. The coronation took place in 1676. Several years later, in 1683, he won fame with the rescue of Vienna, which was described, among others, by Wespazjan Kochowski, Wojciech Stanisław Chrościński and Andrzej Wincenty Ustrzycki. Sobieski was an excellent art patron, he supported painting and artistic handicrafts. Of the royal buildings the most sumptuous was the residence in Wilanów, whose concept and artistic design recalled the military services of the king and his endeavours to ensure stable peace for Poland. In the history of literature, Sobieski is noted as the author of the letters to Marysieńka, recognised as a masterpiece of old Polish epistolary prose. These letters were created mainly between 1665-1683 when Jan and Marysieńka were parted owing to such events as the rebellion of Lubomirski, Marysieńka’s journeys to Paris, the war campaign of 1675 and 1676, and the Vienn rescue of 1683. Traces of these events and the people connected with them can be found in the letters. Consequently, some of them played the role of leaflets or news. The letter written in the night of 13 September 1683 "in the Viziers’ tents" may serve as an example. It began with the proud words: "Bóg i Pan nasz na wieki błogosławiony dał zwycięstwo i sławę narodowi naszemu, o jakiej wieki przeszłe nigdy nie słyszały." ("God and our Lord, forever blessed, gave such victory and fame to our nation as had never been heard of before in past centuries.") In the ending, Sobieski remarked: "List ten najlepsza gazeta, z którego na cały świat kazać zrobić gazetę, napisawszy, que c’est la lettre du Roi a la Reine" ("This letter is the best newspaper, to be made a paper world-wide, having written que c’est la lettre du Roi a la Reine") [that it is a letter from a king to a queen]. Indeed, this letter came into circulation, and European circulation for that matter. By the end of 1683 it had as many as five editions in Poland; it was also translated into several European languages and reached about twenty editions in various countries: England, Austria, Spain, Germany and Italy. In the letters, the reader can find information on the everyday life of that time, about war expeditions and politics, but, above all, the reader learns about the emotional world of Sobieski and Marysieńka, and comes into contact, despite the visible convention of Baroque pastoral romance, with the authentic feelings of the loving pair. The letters were written in Polish but, taking into account the nationality of the addressee, the author interwove into the text French words and expressions, and freely polonised French words. A characteristic feature of the linguistic layer of the letters is the presence of a code. This role is sometimes played by numerals substituting for names and expressions related to military actions. There occurs also a love code ("oranges" stand for love, "confiture"for letters). The code was accompanied by pseudonyms: Sobieski appeared under the name of Celadon, Phoenix and la Poudre (dust); exceptionally numerous pseudonyms accompanied Marysieńka: Astrea, Diana, Cassandra, Rose and Morning Star. Some of them were taken from a pastoral romance which was fashionable at that time at the courts, Astrée, by Honoré d’Urfé, telling the love story of a shepherd Caledon and a shepherdess Astrea.
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BIBLIOGRAFIA - BIBLIOGRAPHY |
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J.Sobieski, Listy do Marysieńki, oprac. L. Kukulski, Warszawa 1970. |
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